The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, simply called the United Kingdom or UK, is a sovereign state in Northern Europe.It is a constitutional.Highland, 7th Battalion The Royal Regiment of Scotland 7 SCOTS is the Army Reserve formerly the Territorial Army Infantry Battalion for the North of Scotland.The Middle Ages Life in the United Kingdom Test.War at home and abroad.The period after the Norman Conquest up until about 1.Middle Ages or the medieval period.It was a time of almost constant war.The English kings fought with the Welsh, Scottish and Irish noblemen for control of their lands.In Wales, the English were able to establish their rule.In 1. 28. 4 King Edward I of England introduced the Statute of Rhuddlan, which annexed Wales to the Crown of England.Scotland s k t. l n d Scots skt.Scottish Gaelic Alba alap listen is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and.Kingdom_of_Northumbria_in_AD_802.jpg' alt='Kingdom Of The Scots 3 And 2' title='Kingdom Of The Scots 3 And 2' />Huge castles, including Conwy and Caernarvon, were built to maintain this power.By the middle of the 1.Welsh rebellions had been defeated.English laws and the English language were introduced.In Scotland, the English kings were less successful.In 1. 31. 4 the Scottish, led by Robert the Bruce, defeated the English at the Battle of Bannockburn, and Scotland remained unconquered by the English.At the beginning of the Middle Ages, Ireland was an independent country.The English first went to Ireland as troops to help the Irish king and remained to build their own settlements.By 1. 20. 0, the English ruled an area of Ireland known as the Pale, around Dublin.Some of the important lords in other parts of Ireland accepted the authority of the English king.During the Middle Ages, the English kings also fought a number of wars abroad.Many knights took part in the Crusades, in which European Christians fought for control of the Holy Land.English kings also fought a long war with France, called the Hundred Years War even though it actually lasted 1.One of the most famous battles of the Hundred Years War was the Battle of Agincourt in 1.King Henry Vs vastly outnumbered English army defeated the French.The English left France in the 1.The Black Death. The Normans used a system of land ownership known as feudalism.The king gave land to his lords in return for help in war.Landowners had to send certain numbers of men to serve in the army.Some peasants had their own land but most were serfs.They had a small area of their lords land where they could grow food.In return, they had to work for their lord and could not move away.The same system developed in southern Scotland.In the north of Scotland and Ireland, land was owned by members of the clans prominent families.In 1. 34. 8, a disease, probably a form of plague, came to Britain.This was known as the Black Death.One third of the population of England died and a similar proportion in Scotland and Wales.This was one of the worst disasters ever to strike Britain.Following the Black Death, the smaller population meant there was less need to grow cereal crops.There were labour shortages and peasants began to demand higher wages.New social classes appeared, including owners of large areas of land later called the gentry, and people left the countryside to live in the towns.In the towns, growing wealth led to the development of a strong middle class.In Ireland, the Black Death killed many in the Pale and, for a time, the area controlled by the English became smaller.Legal and political changes.In the Middle Ages, Parliament began to develop into the institution it is today.Its origins can be traced to the kings council of advisers, which included important noblemen and the leaders of the Church.There were few formal limits to the kings power until 1.In that year, King John was forced by his noblemen to agree to a number of demands.The result was a charter of rights called the Magna Carta which means the Great Charter.The Magna Carta established the idea that even the king was subject to the law.It protected the rights of the nobility and restricted the kings power to collect taxes or to make or change laws. King Of The Ants German Download . In future, the king would need to involve his noblemen in decisions.In England, parliaments were called for the king to consult his nobles, particularly when the king needed to raise money.The numbers attending Parliament increased and two separate parts, known as Houses, were established.The nobility, great landowners and bishops sat in the House of Lords.Knights, who were usually smaller landowners, and wealthy people from towns and cities were elected to sit in the House of Commons.Only a small part of the population was able to join in electing the members of the Commons.A similar Parliament developed in Scotland.It had three Houses, called Estates the lords, the commons and the clergy.This was also a time of development in the legal system.The principle that judges are independent of the government began to be established.In England, judges developed common law by a process of precedence that is, following previous decisions and tradition.In Scotland, the legal system developed slightly differently and laws were codified that s, written down.A distinct identity.The Middle Ages saw the development of a national culture and identity.After the Norman Conquest, the king and his noblemen had spoken Norman French and the peasants had continued to speak Anglo Saxon.Gradually these two languages combined to become one English language.Some words in modern English for example, park and beauty are based on Norman French words.Others for example, apple, cow and summer are based on Anglo Saxon words.In modern English there are often two words with very similar meanings, one from French and one from Anglo Saxon.Demand French and ask Anglo Saxon are examples.By 1. 40. 0, in England, official documents were being written in English, and English had become the preferred language of the royal court and Parliament.In the years leading up to 1.Geoffrey Chaucer wrote a series of poems in English about a group of people going to Canterbury on a pilgrimage.The people decided to tell each other stories on the journey, and the poems describe the travellers and some of the stories they told.This collection of poems is called The Canterbury Tales.William Caxton, the first person in England to print books using a printing press.Many of the stories are still popular.Some have been made into plays and television programmes.In Scotland, many people continued to speak Gaelic and the Scots language also developed.A number of poets began to write in the Scots language.One example is John Barbour, who wrote The Bruce about the Battle of Bannockburn.The Middle Ages also saw a change in the type of buildings in Britain.Castles were built in many places in Britain and Ireland, partly for defence.Today many are in ruins, although some, such as Windsor and Edinburgh, are still in use.Great cathedrals for example, Lincoln Cathedral were also built, and many of these are still used for worship.Several of the cathedrals had windows of stained glass, telling stories about the Bible and Christian saints.The glass in York Minster is a famous example.During this period, England was an important trading nation.English wool became a very important export.People came to England from abroad to trade and also to work.Many had special skills, such as weavers from France, engineers from Germany, glass manufacturers from Italy and canal builders from Holland.The Wars of the Roses.In 1. 45. 5, a civil war was begun to decide who should be king of England.It was fought between the supporters of two families the House of Lancaster and the House of York.This war was called the Wars of the Roses, because the symbol of Lancaster was a red rose and the symbol of York was a white rose.The war ended with the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1.King Richard Ill of the House of York was killed in the battle and Henry Tudor, the leader of the House of Lancaster, became King Henry VII.Henry then married King Richards niece, Elizabeth of York, and united the two families.Henry was the first king of the House of Tudor.The symbol of the House of Tudor was a red rose with a white rose inside it as a sign that the Houses of York and Lancaster were now allies.Check that you understand The wars that took place in the Middle Ages How Parliament began to develop The way that land ownership worked The effects of the Black Death The development of English language and culture The Wars of the Roses and the founding of the House of TudorLife in the United Kingdom A Guide for New Residents is Crown Copyright and is reproduced with the permission of Office of Public Sector Information.United Kingdom Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.Anthem God Save the Queennote 1Capitaland largest city.London. 513. 0N07W 5.N 0. 1. 17W 5. Official languages.British English National LanguageRecognised regional languages.Irish, Ulster Scots, Scottish Gaelic, Scots, Welsh, Cornishnote 2Ethnic groups 2.See UK ethnic groups list29.Britons, 2 Others.Religion. Anglican.Demonym. British or Briton.Government. Unitaryparliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy Monarch.Elizabeth II Prime Minister.Theresa May. MPLegislature.Parliament Upper house.House of Lords Lower house.House of Commons.Formation Acts of Union 1.May 1. 70. 7 Acts of Union 1.January 1. 80. 1 Anglo Irish Treaty.April 1. 92. 2 Area Total.Water 1. 3. 4Population 2.Density. 25. 5. 6km.GDP PPP2. 01. 4 estimate Total2.Per capita3. 8,7.GDP nominal2. 01.Total2. 8. 27 trillion5 6th Per capita4.Gini 2. 01. 2 3. HDI 2.Currency. Pound sterling GBPTime zone.GMTUTC0 Summer DSTBST UTC1Date formatddmmyyyy ADDrives on theleftnote 3Calling code.Internet TLD. uknote 41.A second coat of arms is used in Scotland.The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, simply called the United Kingdom or UK, is a sovereign state in Northern Europe.It is a constitutional monarchy that is made up of four separate countries.It is a member of the European Union, United Nations, the Commonwealth, NATO and the G8.It has the fifth largest economy in the world.Around 6. 5 million people live in the UK.They can be divided into four big nationalities based on the countries where they live.These countries, and the names of the people and language spoken there, are as follows England is the biggest country, and the one where most people in the UK live.People who live in England are called English.Their native language is called English, which is spoken by almost everyone in the UK and has become a global lingua franca.A few people in the southwest part of England can speak Cornish, a Celtic language.Scotland, to the north of England, is the second biggest country.People who live here are called Scottish, and some speak languages called Scottish Gaelic, a Celtic language, or Scots, which is a lot like English but is different from it.Wales is to the west of England.Its people are called Welsh and have their own Celtic language which is also called Welsh.Not everyone in Wales can speak Welsh, but almost everyone can speak English.Northern Ireland is on the island of Ireland, which is west of Great Britain where the other three countries are on.Some Irish people live here and speak Irish, another Celtic language, or Ulster Scots, a dialect of the language spoken in Scotland.Between the 1. 7th and mid 2.Britain was a world power.It became a colonial empire that controlled large areas of Africa, Asia, North America and Oceania.Many countries left and became independent from the empire in the 2.Britain keeps links with most countries of its former empire.The UK has many cities.England is home to London, the biggest city in the UK and also its capital city.There are also many other big cities in England including Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, Bristol and Newcastle upon Tyne.Scotland has the big cities of Edinburgh and Glasgow.Cardiff and Swansea are in Wales and Belfast is in Northern Ireland.The UK had a dominating empire named the British Empire.At its height in 1.British Empire, one fifth of the Earths population.Its area was 1. 3,0.Earths land area.The British Empire was often called the empire on which the sun never sets, that describes a large empire, because the sun is always shining on at least one of its territories.Archaeological remains show that the first group of people to live in the British Isles were hunter gatherers after the last ice age ended.The date is not known perhaps as early as 8.BC but certainly by 5.BC. They built mesolithic wood and stone monuments.Stonehenge was built between 3.BC. 1. 0Celtic tribes arrived from mainland Europe.Britain was a changing collection of tribal areas, with no overall leader.Julius Caesar tried to invade take over the island in 5.BC but was not able to do so.The Romans successfully invaded in 4.AD. 1. 1See also History of the United Kingdom.Written history began in Britain when writing was brought to Britain by the Romans.Rome ruled in Britain from 4.AD to 4. 10. AD, but they only ruled England and Wales.The Romans never ruled Scotland north of the Clyde Forth valley, or Ireland their northern boundary varied from time to time, and was marked for a while at Hadrians Wall.After the Romans, two waves of immigrants came to Britain.The first were German tribes the Angles, Saxons and Jutes.English, the language, is a development from Anglo Saxon.Old English, and is a Germanic language.The second were the Vikings.After a long period when England was split into various kingdoms, it was made into one country by thelstan Athelstan in 9.AD. England and Wales were unified by Edward I Longshanks by force in the 1.Union with Scotland took much longer there were hundreds of years of conflicts between both parts of Britain.This union between England and Scotland in 1.United Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged Scotland and England into one country.In 1. 60. 3, when Queen.Elizabeth I of England died, her closest relative was King.James VI of Scotland.He became king of England as well as king of Scotland.In 1. 70. 7, the Scottish and English Parliaments agreed the Treaty of Union, which joined the two countries into one country called The Kingdom of Great Britain under Queen Anne.By 1. 80. 0, both Scotland and England had already independently had much influence over Ireland since 1.In that year laws were passed in Great Britain and Ireland to merge the two states.The new country was called the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.In 1. 92. 2 much of Ireland became independent as the Irish Free State now called Ireland from the United Kingdom.However, six northern counties called Northern Ireland continue to be part of the United Kingdom.The country was renamed The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.The British people are represented by members of Parliament, not ruled by monarchs.Parliament started in 1.Charles I, in the English Civil War.Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector.Though the monarchy was restored after his death, the Crown slowly became the secondary power, and Parliament the first.Members of Parliament called MPs were elected, but until the early twentieth century, only men who owned property could vote.In the nineteenth century, more people were given suffrage the right to vote, but even so, by 1.But in 1. 92. 8, all adults, male and female, got the vote this is called universal suffrage.Parliament is in London, but it has power over the whole of the UK.Today, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland each have their own seats of local government but they have more limited powers Scotland has the self named Scottish Parliament.The Welsh have an assembly and the Northern Irish have Stormount.There isnt an individual English parliament representing the views of only English regions.There are also parliaments in the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands, which are islands that are partly controlled by the UK, and partly independent.The members of Parliament belong to political parties the biggest parties are the Conservative Party, Labour Party, the Scottish National Party and the Liberal Democrats.Members of the same party agree to act and vote more or less together.A party with more than half the seats a majority forms the government the leader of the party becomes the Prime Minister, who then appoints other ministers.Because the government has a majority in Parliament, it can normally control what laws are passed.Major languages spoken in the United Kingdom other than English include Polish 5.United Kingdom, Eastern Panjabi or Punjabi 4.Bengali 4. 00,0. Urdu 4.Cantonese 3. Greek 2.Southwestern Caribbean Creole English 1.The UK is made up of four different countries Wales, England and Scotland and Northern Ireland.The capital city of Wales is Cardiff.The capital city of England is London.
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